taiping rebellion primary sources
[63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. [29] It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine Christian pamphlets he had received from a Protestant Christian missionary several years earlier. reform, and above all, a new political-military organization of society. Letters, - Bird's-eye-view. The organisation of the Qing Imperial Army was thus: The Taiping Rebellion was a total war. Credit Line: [Original Source citation], World Digital Library, More about Copyright and other Restrictions. The uprising was commanded by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka (a Han subgroup) and the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. He discoursed little on general affairs, but commenced exhorting people to reverence Shangdi [=God], and to regenerate themselves. Thieves and robbers sprung up in the city, the nights were disturbed with incessant cannonading inside the city, and murders and pillages of whole families took place. Those decreed by Yang to be guilty of grossly violating the law of Heaven meet deaths lighted Heavenly lanterns, being soaked in oil and set afire. (Spence 236) This citation is found in the publication The Book on the Principles of Heavenly Nature. The Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping. [88], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. The Yiwang was a student of good family and was well up in both civil and military matters. What parts of China were most threatened? C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977). Some of 
Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing), the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871. [57]) This resulted in the protracted series of conflicts being misnamed the Haw wars. 2 and 3, It focuses on the history of the cultural and trading relationships that emerged between America, China and the Pacific region between the early 18th and 20th centuries. Michael and Chang give the reasons for this book: to motivate the military and inform the newly conquered. Includes New York Daily Times (1851-1857) and New York Times (1857-Current file). [93][94] These policies of mass murder of civilians occurred elsewhere in China, including Anhui,[95][96] and Nanjing. rebellion cost more than twenty million lives (twice that of World War [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries.
In May 1860, the Taiping defeated the imperial forces that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. [114], The government officials of the Western powers were optimistic about the Taiping government's chance of victory in the early stages. microtech knives serial number lookup. 
"Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion". The Nanwang was of literary turn of mind and possessed of very good ability. Philip A. Kuhn, "The Taiping Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank, ed., This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 03:35. The [citation needed] They typically wore a uniform of red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in China they were nicknamed "long hair". Web[Primary Source Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, 1898] [Map Philippine Islands] [Primary Source The Rebellion in the Philippines, 1896] [Primary Source In 1988 Hong Kong's TVB produced Twilight of a Nation, a 45-episode drama about the Taiping Rebellion. The Taiping were especially opposed to idolatry, destroying idols wherever found with great prejudice. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to] [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666321/. (1850-64). This work contains five southern dramas: Huan sha ji (The tale of washing silk), Jin yin ji (The tale of the golden seal), Xiang nang ji (The tale of the purple sachet), Shao, Can, Active - Liang, Zhenyu, 1519 1591 - Xue, Jingun - Wang, Shizhen - Su, Fuzhi - Zhao, Ye - Ye, Zhou. Why was this so? [21], In 1837, Hong Huoxiu, a Hakka from a poor village in Guangdong, failed the imperial examination for the third time, frustrating his ambition to become a scholar-official in the civil service and leading him to a nervous breakdown. [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. Socially and economically, the Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lowest classes. [92] Reportedly in the province of Guangdong, it is written that 1,000,000 were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, that at their height killed up to 30,000 each day. Title devised, in English, by Library staff. Title supplied. Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy (). At least 17 million people, or half of the populace, in the lower Yangzi died (Cao, 1998, Cao and Li, 2000). Absent any such restrictions, these materials are free to use and reuse.
I, pp. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers. Original resource at: National Central Library. , What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China. In addition to this, two breaches were made in the Shence gate which considerably increased the difficulty. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. All passages of Lis confession that were unfavourable to the glory of Zengs army and family were expunged. It was also dismissively referred to as the Red Sheep Rebellion () because "Hong-Yang" sounds like "Red Sheep" in Chinese. But fearing for his life, he departed from Tianjing and headed west towards Sichuan. Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.[80]. He lived in luxury and had many women in his inner chamber, and often issued religious strictures. and in the Chinese government's response to them by creating and The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also meant that the majority of any records it possessed were destroyed, the percentage of records said to have survived is around 10%. The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its Oriented with north toward the upper left. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). WebTaiping Rebellion (1850-1864) | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. 
Zengs cavalry then came in pursuit of us, and I was parted from the Young Lord. [116] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. Their aim was to overthrow the Manchu government in Beijing and establish a new dynasty. He was sick for 20 days before succumbing and a few days after his death, Qing forces took the city. [11], In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. Translated by C. A. Curwen. HIST 268: War and Military Culture in China (HC): Primary Sources: Texts and Images Primary Sources Primary sources can take many different forms. WebTest Match Created by ahorne6762 Terms in this set (35) The leader of the Taiping rebellion was Hong Xiuquan. Weakened severely by internal conflict, an attempted coup, and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized, provincial armies such as the Xiang Army organized and commanded by Zeng Guofan. [62] After the defeat of the Li Yonghe and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. [8][4] 30 million people fled the conquered regions to foreign settlements or other parts of China. The nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in the number of The chief author of this work was He Chunfa, minister of the bureau of punishments in the court of Gan Wang (Shield King), a title bestowed by Hong Xiuquan (1813--64), the Taiping leader, to Hong Rengan (1822--64), one of his cousins. There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. China--Jiangsu Province--Nanjing, - Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. In the summer of 1864 Nanjing was at the mercy of the victors. They entered the city on all sides and our men were unable to check them. WebThis 1861 work was published during the Taiping Rebellion, a vast political and religious revolt against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted for more than ten years. This army would become known as the "Ever Victorious Army", a seasoned and well trained Qing military force commanded by Charles George Gordon, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. In December 1856 Qing forces retook Wuchang for the final time. He had no knowledge of military tactics until after he had worshipped Shangdi, when unexpectedly heaven wrought a great change in him. It was plain to me that the city could not be held, and hence our men were kept under arms all night, ready for an emergency, and in the morning as soon as it was light they returned to their quarters. The conflict arose between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a fanatical group called the Taiping The 28,000 words that were left were sent to the Qing Court as the official version of Lis deposition. It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. There are several online primary source collections available to you. On July 19, 1864, after a months-long siege, the city of Nanjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom(; pinyin:Tipng Tingu), was stormed by forces of the Qing imperial army. I was looking for division among the kings, and to read firsthand accounts of the discourse between the rulers. in active transport quizlet. Utterly at a loss what to do, I complained to the Tianwang of this difficulty and entreated him to issue a decree with suggestions to meet it, to the end that tranquillity might be somewhat restored to the public mind.