19(1):727. Bacquet, S. Manifestation of Belief and Religious Symbols at School: Setting Boundaries in English Courts. Gend Educ (2002). 27(3):31331. Thomassen, L. (Not) Just a Piece of Cloth: Begum, Recognition and the Politics of Representation. 36(4):34857. 11. School uniforms provide explicit teachable moments, opportunities to think using different moral frameworks to examine the utility of different social attire and freedom of expression in context, and childrens understanding of and critical thinking about social appropriateness of dress [135], which enhances learning outcomes [40]. Jones (United States) reported a reduction in bullying after uniform was introduced [74]. This review shows that uniforms may be the right diagnosis for creating an equitable learning environment, providing cost-effective garments over a students learning career, and easing the psychological pressure of competitive dressing. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Sustainable Development Goals (2015). It will also be of special interest to the general public, who will be better informed about the evidence for what uniform achieves, and what can be done about making it better. Available from: https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/117407680/i-can-be-free--7yearold-scraps-school-uniform-skirt-for-shorts. Within schools, uniforms reinforce institutional culture, signaling school values to students [80], thereby identifying the wearer with objectives beyond the self. 29(1). In Kenya, Mutengi [106] found a statistically significant link between uniform cost and education access, and Green et al. In this review no evidence was found of any of the above restrictions caused by boys uniform. Photochem Photobiol (2014). Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387813000035 (cited 5 Nov 2019). A public health lens helps to shed light on uniforms, and their impact on health and education. For some students the disadvantages will be cumulative. Whatever the case, wider sociocultural issues are clearly played out through uniforms, and it appears that uniforms can become a proxy for other issues, particularly considering the special status of children and young people. Other issues like cost, value for money, environmental sustainability and ethical sourcing of materials may be of interest. 6(1). about our Website Accessibility, or how to file a formal Section 504 or The review shows that school uniform is important, but not for commonly believed reasons. This review shows that uniform garment design and policy focus on equality (same treatment) at the expense of equity (different treatment to achieve similar outcomes). It is a sad irony that these are the very groups who could benefit most from the equitable access to education that uniform is supposed to facilitate. Nurture (2012). There are strong indications that uniform garments and policy about which garments can be worn directly impact on students physical health outcomes, for female students in particular. 35(4):399420. doi:10.1080/01596306.2011.601554, 81. doi:10.1111/1467-8527.00044, 23. Shao et al. Looking at expression and developmental stage, Vopat [40] separates self-expression into two categories: mere expression, and substantive expression. Similarly, in China uniform has gradually incorporated more modern and Western influences in design over time [91]. However, studies of large datasets and meta-analyses fail to find a link between uniform and academic achievement. (2009). Sabic-El-Rayess, A, Mansur, N, Batkhuyag, B, and Otgonlkhagva, S. School Uniform Policys Adverse Impact on Equity and Access to Schooling. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84998655264&doi=10.1002%2F14651858.CD006417.pub3&partnerID=40&md5=e076f61c86b379b61f8752642d3c7459.

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Novel Tools for the Surveillance and Control of Dengue: Findings by the dengueTools Research Consortium. Organization of evidence about uniform use. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. There are indications that uniform could create psychological barriers to education for vulnerable students, especially when it is a new phenomenon. Gereluk proposes principles for a non-discriminatory environment [72], which provides helpful guidance on how to accommodate minority concerns into majority spaces. In particular, more studies are required on the health and psycho-social impacts of uniforms. [Internet]. Akaguri, L. Fee-free Public or Low-Fee Private Basic Education in Rural Ghana: How Does the Cost Influence the Choice of the Poor? New York City: NY Department of Consumer Affairs (2015). Indeed, Swains ethnography found that students who complied with uniform rules risked being socially excluded [79]. School Support as Structural HIV Prevention for Adolescent Orphans in Western Kenya. 35. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2142770184&doi=10.1002%2Fpam.20002&partnerID=40&md5=1fa050001f23c0664dcc9c102378c8a3 doi:10.1002/pam.20002, 85. LL.B. 41(4):64357. [Internet]. Stockton, C, Gullatt, DE, and Parke, DR. School Uniforms: Policies and Procedures. Murray, S. Back to School Costs Rising at Secondary and Primary Level as 27% of Parents Find Themselves in Debt. Davies, E. Cost of School Uniform. In South Korea and the United States, poorer parents spend a higher percentage of their income on uniforms [36]. School Uniform Costs: Children Asking Santa for Basic Items [Internet] (2019). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. Religion Hum Rights (2011). Mier-journal Educ Stud Trends Pract. 23(3):21014. In a 2017 update to that study uniform was not listed among the 252 effects on educational outcomes [33]. One contradiction to this trend comes from Hidalgo et al. Therefore, attention to students physical and psychosocial health and wellbeing is important for enhancing educational outcomes.

In England (which has a longstanding uniform tradition), the case of Begum sought to balance religious freedom to wear Sharia-appropriate clothes against the right to education, school uniform policy [122, 123], and womens rights. F.S. It explores three questions: What is the evidence for the impact of school uniform on students academic and health outcomes; what social, cultural and political rationales are made for uniform use; and what human rights may be affected by school uniform choice? For time constraints conference proceedings and PhD theses were excluded. 28. Alternatively, uniform wearing can be instrumental in reaching other ends. Focusing on physical activity, Watsons et al.s [49] study noted the complex social factors that affect physical activity, and how a unisex sport uniform could enhance the feeling of comfort and confidence. [116] reported how uniform cost created such a barrier to education that the state changed its clothing grant policy to help ease the financial burden on families. 90. Heal Educ Behav [Internet]. 23(2):22550. Polit Theor (2011). Available from: https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/news-and-events/commission-news/item/1399-female-student-wins-in-fight-to-wear-pants--how-does-the-eoa-apply-to-school-uniform. Deane [117] argues that justifications for uniform based on equity are not well considered because the mere wearing of uniform does not create equity, and does not magic away other differences [117]. 14(3):24762. [34] found introducing uniform reduced distractions. Howard, E. Bans on the Wearing of Religious Symbols in British Schools: A Violation of the Right to Non-discrimination? 37. J Poverty Soc Justice (2019). Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-49072123 (cited 22 Nov 2020), 8. 11(5):34256. Study quality was not part of the analysis. This differential effect has been addressed by human rights legislation. Ahrens, DM, and Siegel, AM. [Internet]. Time spent on this research was funded from my ordinary teaching salary. Overall, in terms of health and education impacts it seems any psycho-social benefits will only hold if other psycho-social and physical harms to girls, and minorities are addressed. Turner, D, and Harrison, SL. Anthony, J. It appears that the idea that uniform is inherently equitable is flawed. Some surveys formed part of a case study. In some societies, uniform wearing seems intrinsically linked to a greater societal good. [52] found both garment design and schools uniform policy hampered active transport among older teenagers. As illustrated in Figure 1, the individual health and educational impacts of uniform are nestled in the broader school culture, which in turn is influenced by the wider socio-political context, influenced by the communitys values. Psycho-social impacts are linked to fitting in (or not) with peers. (2015). Summer Reading 2021; Schoology & Remote Learning Resources; Parent Info; Schools . Further this studys primary data are primarily peer-reviewed articles, which ensures rigor, but leaves out a depth of information from other sources. This article applies a public health lens to review evidence about why we have uniforms and what effects they have on educational and health outcomes. Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximizing Impact on Learning. Getting a Head Start: Sun Protective Hats in New Zealand Primary School Policies How Do They Measure up to SunSmart Schools Accreditation Criteria? Some socio-political rationales are explicit and are part of clear public policy measures to shape society. Stockton et al. The literature that addresses these questions can be divided into three groups. Educ Pol. Health Educ J (2019). Using the public health lens of analysis highlights this avoidable inequity. All the above elements contribute to wider social settings that facilitate or prevent access to what people need to enjoy good health and education. [Internet] (2018). [28] noted there was a greater perception of increased attendance and achievement after uniform was introduced. Using Mongolia as an example, Sabic-el Rayess et al, [83] note that in countries where the very poor cannot afford uniforms, they do not attend school. Dressed for success? doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599785, 47. 5450 Lott Road, Eight Mile, AL 36613 251-221-3070. York: University of York (2016). Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036521976&doi=10.1080%2F09540250120098889&partnerID=40&md5=00aea1dd4120f4f714db44356ce02763 doi:10.1080/09540250120098889, 80. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884374852&partnerID=40&md5=e3dc743fd1cc38a216426b9655550d63. Other ideas suggest that uniform allows students to rebel in safe confines [81]. [Internet]. Keywords: school uniform, public health, equity, health impacts, education impacts, human rights, Citation: Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. Received: 22 April 2021; Accepted: 18 May 2021;Published: 16 June 2021. Catherine, SNL, and Mugalavai, VK. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045567505&doi=10.1017%2Fheq.2018.4&partnerID=40&md5=5d98fc7f7cab2cc2eddda1c004eee54d doi:10.1017/heq.2018.4. Theoretically, human rights are interrelated and indivisible and should not be separated from each other [101]. Available from: https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/Other-Topics/Equity/Quality_improvement__no_quality_without_equity.pdf.

Thu Jun 23 01:09 PM 2022 Summer Reading Within institutions uniform is a management tool [21]. Describe how the school will convene an annual meeting to inform parents of the school's participation in Title I and explain Title I requirements, including the 1% set-aside, and the right of parents to be involved. A public health lens reveals that much school uniform garment design and use policy negatively affects the poor, girls, religious and ethnic minorities, and gender-diverse students. Despite regular judicial, community, and press scrutiny, there is little consensus on the function of school uniforms, or agreement about evidence of their impact on education and health. 62(1):4451. Uniform signals internal culture to students and provides cues to outsiders about the schools character. Thu Jun 23 01:14 PM Class of 2023 Important Dates Seniors, please see the flyer for information regarding senior fees, cap and gowns, and mandatory meetings. Sanchez, JE, Yoxsimer, A, and Hill, GC. Globally, governments are trying increase physical activity among children and young people to reduce child obesity rates [45]. In Thailand and other countries with endemic dengue, school uniform design, the use of insecticide-treated clothing [5962], and how uniform is worn [63] have been investigated extensively in relation to dengue prevention, especially how to stop insecticide washing out of fabric. Compare: A J Comp Int Educ (2019). Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959111526&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004109&partnerID=40&md5=f3361a60bbfc3805803a318a3b672947 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004109, 62. Available from: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-unquestioned-goodness-of-school-uniforms (cited 23 Nov 2020), 16. 122. The cost of uniforms can affect students rights to access education. However, exactly what is protected is unclear. Daly, M. Gender-specific Uniforms a Relic of the Past, Secondary Teachers union Says. 36. In New Zealand, uniforms were inspired by military dress and were intended to encourage empowerment, belonging, and pride, as well as social camouflage [92]. 5(2):13750. content on this website is accessible to everyone, including those with Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042157275&doi=10.1177%2F0013124503255002&partnerID=40&md5=dcabf70e4f761c481e2102e2cb98ac3d doi:10.1177/0013124503255002. doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00326-0, 89. (2017). Baumann and Kriskovas [21] research ranks Korea and Japan highest in terms of settling to work and removing distractions. Vopat takes a different approach and considers childrens moral and psychological development. doi:10.1080/03057925.2017.1369002, 106. 15(1):4451. J Beijing Inst Cloth Technol (Natural Sci Ed (2014). Whatever the social context, outward signs of faith can challenge both uniform rules and wider societal values such as secularity in public institutions. Nonetheless, Vopat [40] suggests that uniform may be a learning point for students. This review lays out the research landscape on school uniform and highlights areas for further research. Starr, J. Roffey, S. Inclusive and Exclusive Belonging -the Impact on Individual and Community Well-Being. It appears that uniform use and policy is a neglected area of research: given its widespread use there is surprisingly little empirical evidence about its use or effects at all. Menu . These studies showed garment materials do not necessarily prioritize the wearers physical comfort. Radio New Zealand (2017). 127.Community Law Wellington and Hutt Valley. 9(10). Further, why are known problems in uniform policy and design not addressed? Sojourn (2016). De Blasio, B, and Menin, J. 52(1):12342. Maria Taylor: A Brief . Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057765266&doi=10.1080%2F16549716.2018.1549930&partnerID=40&md5=07561538aaf938448a68fd394ce48bb4 doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1549930, 61. Some [87] argue that uniform should be done away with altogether because of harm to childrens human rights. [51] found that school uniform style and lack of warmth was a barrier to cycling to school for some female secondary students, and Ward et al. This study involved a very large sample of students from across the globe. Philos Stud Educ (2015). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. However, school uniform policy (at national or school level) does not routinely address these hazards. The Globe and Mail (2016). Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx, 119. Physically restrictive uniforms can hamper girls physical and social participation in school, especially physical activity during breaks and on the journey to school. Research into school belonging did not find a significant association between school uniform and a sense of belonging to the school community [85]. Lowson, G. The Pros and Cons of School Uniforms [Internet]. For all students, there is no evidence of systematic consideration in uniform policy of health and safety and protection from environmental hazards that permits students to wear garments to suit the weather conditions, or that ensures garments are comfortable to wear. Affiliation is related to solidarity; yet there seems to be a tipping point when solidarity is undermined if the uniform is too expensive and excludes students [83]. Gentile, E, and Imberman, SA. The right to freedom of expression (Art 13 UNCRC [134]) can be restricted in respect of the rights and reputations of others, protection of national security, and public order. Researchers have investigated how to standardize sizing [67], improve garment quality and durability [68], optimize materials, enhance style, include high visibility/reflectiveness for road safety, and ensure physical comfort irrespective of outside temperature [6871]. We would be glad Choose from thousands of products to decorate, including the newest William Blount High School Governors t-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, jerseys, hats, long sleeve shirts, face masks, polos, shorts, sweatpants, and more. Later studies by Yeung [29] and Creasy and Corby [30] noted multiple factors for academic achievementbut not uniform. Paradoxically, uniforms can worsen inequity. Aust New Zealand J Public Health]. Eur J Educ Sci (2018). Settlement was reached when the school added culottes (shorts that look like skirts) to the school uniform. From the Cradle to the Cane: The Cost of Being a Female Consumer, A Study of Gender Pricing in. 105. Interestingly, Bragg [133] notes that a school uniform policy that strictly enforces male/female uniforms is in stark contrast with the broader and more fluid social understanding and representations of gender that students are exposed to, especially in Western countries. Studies varied in the number of participants, the number of sites from which participants were taken. With this in mind, what data exist on the socio-political factors that influence uniform garment design and policy? Permethrin-Treated Clothing as Protection against the Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti: Extent and Duration of Protection. Massad, E, Amaku, M, Coutinho, FAB, Kittayapong, P, and Wilder-Smith, A. Norrish et al.s [48] study on the effect of uniform on incidental physical activity among ten-year-olds found that school uniform design could limit physical activity (measured by student self-report and pedometers). In addition to the ambivalence of wearers feelings, there are mixed data on the impact of uniform on bullying. Breaches of school uniform policy have resulted in court cases (e.g., [1, 2]), and courts note that in focusing on the rights and wrongs of a particular uniform policy, the underlying issues driving uniform design and policy are neglected [3]. The Effects of Appropriateness of Service Contact Personnel Dress on Customer Expectations of Service Quality and purchase Intention. 15(2):14368. It is possible that there exist more positive or neutral impacts of uniform on education and health than have been hitherto documented, especially in empirical research. Additionally, some argue that uniforms contribute to a sense of affiliation in students, belonging [81], and pride in the school, especially after uniform has been recently introduced [82]. The author undertook this entire project. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80155135288&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jue.2011.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=a0ffb9bf14d9ef347a65f9930ed1b9ff. Available from: https://www.theeducatoronline.com/k12/news/do-we-really-need-school-uniforms/229540, 133. [Internet]. For instance, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Art 14) protects freedom of religion [118]. Vezich, D. School Uniform Prices Should Be Lowered - Education Minister. In this way uniform is a disciplinary tactic [115] embodying respectability, cleanliness, modesty, and inoffensiveness. In classrooms it helps students settle to task and help identify intruders and improve security (36,43), or the perception of security (44). Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026503. Surface area: 21.114 km2; Population: 6.268.099; Foreign population: 1.090.460 (17,4%) Institutions for higher education: 14; Unemployment rate: 4,5% doi:10.1080/18377122.2012.666198, 49. The final determination shall be that of . Hist Educ Q (2018). Australian Primary School Principals', Teachers', and Parents' Attitudes and Barriers to Changing School Uniform Policies from Traditional Uniforms to Sports Uniforms. [76] found introduction of a uniform did not significantly change the schools culture before and after a school uniform was introduced, though some females said males treated them better when they wore a uniform. Instead, belonging is fostered by a supportive, respectful atmosphere and a sense of achieving. There is no data that directly addresses non-academic learning outcomes from uniform. Oft -cited peer-reviewed sources that did not appear in the literature searches were also included in the literature review (n = 25), as well as texts that were found in the initial work for this review. 26. 12 studies examined garment properties for Sun protection, safety, design. Yet there is no clarity on whether a school can have a policy that is silent on students religious beliefs and practices [120, 121]. 31(1):35875.

When Appearances Are Not Deceptive: A Comparative History of School Uniforms in Argentina and the United States (Nineteenth-twentieth Centuries). 18. Hesse lies in the middle of Germany and is a state of contrasts: idyllic towns with half-timbered houses in northern and southern Hesse on the one hand, and, on the other, the famous . Sex Educ. [Internet]. Notably, girls uniforms tend to be more expensive [106, 114], illustrating that even here there is a pink tax for female-oriented products that perform the same function as a unisex/male alternative [114, 129]. [Internet]. Because garment design reflects the norms of the dominant culture, religious and ethnic minorities, and gender-diverse students often have to compromise beliefs and identity to comply with uniform rules. DaCosta, K. Dress Code Blues: An Exploration of Urban Students Reactions to a Public High School Uniform Policy. Bodine, A. Notably, there is a general paucity of evidence for use and a gap between what is believed about uniform and what is supported by empirical evidence. NZ J Educ Stud (2017). Uniform removes most socio-economic signs of difference [73]. Available from: https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2019/01/31/school-uniform/, 6. 43(1):945. Importantly, any dress is about more than clothing, indicating social relations, self-presentation, and formation in society, and is a sensitive topic in adolescence [78]. Happel [87] argues that school uniform is linked to gendered performance, where school uniforms underpin sex and gender roles, because they restrict movement and confirm traditional gender identities. 21. 39(3):32551. RMLE Online (2020). Uniform use is deceptively simple. Whatever the context, females are half of the population, and their physical and psycho-social health seems to be routinely and arbitrarily disadvantaged by uniform design. The Design and Manufacture of Municipal and School Uniforms for a Northeastern Thai Municipality.

[Internet]. Regarding uniform use policy, there is little information about how school rules are developed and what principles might look like to ensure uniform use is education and health promoting. There is evidence that uniforms can be psychosocially protective of health. Finance program offered at the Institute for Law and Finance (ILF), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021361731&doi=10.1007%2Fs40841-016-0046-z&partnerID=40&md5=cf984782053eb2225fafbf784025c912 doi:10.1007/s40841-016-0046-z, 116. Available from: https://visible-learning.org/hattie-ranking-influences-effect-sizes-learning-achievement/(cited 23 Nov 2020), 34.