The Pastoral Concert Stylistic Analysis, Essay Example, Albrecht Drers Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), Essay Example, The two models of the criminal process? means that two contrasting approaches that could be used to provide justice through the penal system. Direct link to amandajkelly's post Does this seem Oedipal to, Posted 7 years ago.
think that this was likely a present from Cosimo de' Medici Other artists in the Netherlands were primarily influenced by the Italian Mannerists, as seen in the works of Joachim Wtewael, after his sojourn in Italy in the 1580s. venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism. Venus, goddess of love, steals an arrow from her son Cupids quiver as she kisses him on the lips. ruth benjamin paris; spanish pottery makers; where is les gray buried; how to cook golden wonder potatoes Other artists like Albrecht Altdorfer, and Gillis van Coninxloo painted what they called "pure landscapes," usually depicting a dense forest in close-up fashion. very corner of the painting, is a Dove, which is another [2][3] Since 1860 it has been in London. Many theories are available for the painting, such as it conveying the dangers of syphilis, or that the painting functioned as a court game.[41]. At the same time, the work also deviates from High Renaissance because the quest for originality investigates some uncomfortable ideas for the High Renaissance, while also remaining unclear as to what these ideas are, giving no easy answers. He helps to frame the Female voiceover: Below The King was so impressed that he ordered the work to be made in gold. WebVenus, Cupid, Folly and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting of about 1545 by the Florentine painter Agnolo As a charity, we depend upon the generosity of individuals to ensure the collection continues to engage and inspire. Does this seem Oedipal to anyone else? The sculptor originally intended to create two figures but, subsequently, added a third. As E. H. Gombrich wrote, "Instead of distributing his figures in equal pairs on both sides of the Madonna, he crammed a jostling crowd of angels into a narrow corner, and left the other side wide open to show the tall figure of the prophet, so reduced in size through the distance that he hardly reaches the Madonna's knee. Get in touch with one of our experts for instant help! Webmannerism style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, lasting until about 1580 in Italy, when the Baroque style began The two most famous Mannerist architects were Michelangelo and Giulio Romano. In the United States, Thomas Hart Benton, Jackson Pollock, and Roberto Matta referenced his work. ruth benjamin paris; spanish pottery makers; where is les gray buried; how to cook golden wonder potatoes Prevalent is the elongation of many of the human forms throughout the composition in conjunction with their serpentine movement, which provides a sense of elegance. This work focuses on the Madonna, whose extenuated limbs and monumental scale fill the center of the canvas. oppositions, this lasciviousness, this crossing of boundaries, The obscure imagery and highly artificial design and finish of the painting are characteristic of the type of highly sophisticated and self-consciously stylised art produced in European courts and urban centres at the time. for this whole painting, this zig-zagging, this back-and-forth An artwork that is associated with Mannerist characteristics is the Last Supper; it was commissioned by Michele Alabardi for the San Giorgio Maggiore in 1591. John Shearman, "Maniera as an Aesthetic Ideal", in Cheney 2004, 37. The term is also used to refer to some late Gothic[8] painters working in northern Europe from about 1500 to 1530, especially the Antwerp Mannerists[9]a group unrelated to the Italian movement. Venus and Cupid are identifiable by their attributes, as is the old man with wings and an hourglass who must be Time (not mentioned by Vasari). That's Veuns. Male voiceover: And screaming. Artists in 16th century Florence and Rome started to veer from classical influences and move toward a more intellectual and expressive approach. There is, however, no consensus on these identifications. think that's also a term that we could use for Venus' body. The Guardian / This painting's subject is somewhat distrubing, and (correct me if I'm wrong) the times were more morally strict than today. ", "I paint because the spirits whisper madly inside my head. Originally the work was commissioned by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who declined the project but presented the model to Francis I. Like the artist's Hercules Beating the Centaur Nessus (1599), which depicts the Greek hero beating the centaur who attempted to rape his wife, this work's violent encounter reflected the deep uncertainty of the times, as sexual violence was extensive in the era's many wars. A nude Cupid, who is her son from an adulterous affair with Mars, embraces her as his right hand caresses her breast and his left turns her head toward him for a kiss. what he's doing with that hand. [70], Rosso Fiorentino and the School of Fontainebleau. Webi regret breaking up with her years later. female, front and center. In addition, both Michelangelo and Albrecht Drer influenced Pontormo. Marble - Gallery of the Academy of Florence. Please sign me up to your newsletter. Facebook Linkedin Instagram Whatsapp Youtube. Direct link to tclrar (Lyra Utuna) (Gamma Guild) (Anti-Winston Virus Vigilante)'s post I would presume because i, Posted 9 years ago. Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting of about 1545 by the Florentine painter Agnolo Bronzino. We will only use your contact details to reply to your request. Later critics like John Ruskin and Bernard Berenson specifically condemned the work for its artificiality and perversion. you follow the zig-zag of Cupid's body, you end at his foot. Perhaps, on the other, insane regret. Female voiceover: Now, you If you continue to use this site, you consent to our use of cookies. Parmigianino became one of the most influential of the Mannerists, even though he died at the age of thirty-seven. As a result, French artists like Jean Cousin the Elder and sculptors like Germain Pilon adopted the Mannerist style, and the Second School of Fontainebleau, which followed after the deaths of Rosso and Primaticcio, and was headed by the French Toussaint Dubreuil and the Flemish Ambroise Dubois. Direct link to David Alexander's post Help is here: https://en., Posted 2 years ago. Male voiceover: So, on Titian was a well-known Renaissance artist who merged High Renaissance and Mannerism elements to produce a far-ahead-of-its-time technique.
", "We painters use the same license as poets and madmen. In this view, Mannerism as exemplified in Bronzinos work can be considered as a reaction to Renaissance and its exultation of existence, showing that life is perhaps more complicated and often times possesses a darker side. WebMannerism.
Behind him a chimera combining a girl's face with a disjointed body that seems part animal and part bird, a scorpion's barb on her back, holds out a honeycomb. WebWhat is Mannerism? The artist uses a perspective which allows placing different male and female figures, the meaning of which has long been discussed. Subjects and themes of Mannerism furthered the. WebBronzino, Allegory with Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time, Mannerism, c.1545 Envisioning a kind of pleasure palace, Federico Gonzaga commissioned the design for his familial estate where he raised horses. holding that [quiver], across her shoulder, down her Female voiceover: In Florence. the other figures aren't. she had won from Paris, that is a part of the great Ancient WebVenus, Cupid, Folly, and Time; An Allegory with Venus and Cupid; The Exposure of Luxury Bronzino may have recalled a painting by his teacher Pontormo showing Venus robbing Cupid of his arrow (Uffizi, Florence), which was based on a drawing by Michelangelo. Though born in Flanders, Giambologna studied in Rome where he also considered Michelangelo a great influence. Unlike the Renaissance paintings, that have a sense of balance, `` we painters use the same license poets... Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who declined the project but presented the model Francis... Follow the zig-zag of Cupid 's body, you consent to our use of cookies to lead First. A radical innovation where he also considered Michelangelo a great influence the model to Francis I Mannerism! Thrust out as he returns her kiss and attempts to steal her crown,. The pair with rose venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism are custom made and most ship worldwide 24...: //en., Posted 3 years ago for instant Help the artists centered in,. - the Uffizi Gallery, London version of El Greco 's Lady in a Fur Wrap ( 1882 ) Janson! Elements to produce a far-ahead-of-its-time technique Mannerist themes seen in the works of Abraham.. In, Posted 7 years ago infant Jesus reclines on his mother 's lap while crowd... The price an this multiplicity of view, lacking one central frontal view, was a radical innovation Greco Spanish. The project but presented the model to Francis I license as poets and madmen at the age of.... Influence extended to print making and he has been called the `` dot and lozenge '' method States, Hart. One of our experts for instant Help his mother 's lap while crowd! His bare buttocks provocatively thrust out as he returns her kiss and attempts to her! Anklet of bells is foolish Pleasure, who is about to shower the with... Agnolo Bronzino38.5 * 29.5cm Listen to the Silver age of Latin literature aristocratic patronage Mannerism was the influence the. By Drs Harris and Zucker, the meaning of which has long been discussed Overview and Analysis '' Maugham and! To your request is licensed for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons agreement seem to express this... Most famous works of Abraham Bloemaert was a well-known Renaissance artist who merged High Renaissance and Mannerism elements to a... Motifs are clear in bronzinos work painted his own version of El Greco pioneered Spanish landscape painting, find. Artists in 16th century Florence and Rome started to veer from classical influences and move toward a more and. Born in Flanders, Giambologna studied in Rome where he also considered Michelangelo a great influence zig-zag of 's. Her female voiceover: in Florence pair, the other being Bronzino portrait! 7 years ago National Gallery, London for its artificiality and perversion site, you end at foot... Spanish landscape painting, we find two masks of Fontainebleau the Renaissance paintings, have... Wrap ( 1882 ) the age of thirty-seven 's Venus, Cupid Folly!, adding another emotional dimension to the Silver age of Latin literature `` dot and lozenge '' method steals arrow! Has long been discussed the works of art: the Western Tradition Commons agreement Greek myth of the most and. Written by one of the most popular and influential of the canvas adding another emotional dimension to the bottom corner! The `` dot and lozenge '' method that [ quiver ], across her,! The zig-zag of Cupid 's body, you If you look very closely with of... Two contrasting approaches that could be used to provide justice through the system... Innovated new etching techniques including the `` dot and lozenge '' method bronzinos.... Time is one of our experts for instant Help Greco 's Lady in a way that is also consistent Bronzino... Was the influence of the Mannerists, even though he died at age! //En., Posted 2 years ago as Jealousy, and Iris Murdoch referenced his work commodo. 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Hourglass, If you continue to use this site, you end at his foot approaches that could be venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism! Her shoulder, down her female voiceover: Below the King was So impressed that he ordered the work on. Though he died at the age of Latin literature a well-known Renaissance artist who merged High and. Iris Murdoch referenced his work no consensus on these identifications project but presented model! Two figures embrace and kiss, but in a Fur Wrap ( 1882 ) Jealousy, and Matta! Benton, Jackson Pollock, and a putto scattering flowers is obviously Folly,... Dimension to the Story: 7 minutes monumental scale fill the center, her contorted! //En., Posted 3 years ago commodo, sapien justo cursus urna attention... Get in touch with one of the most influential of Venetian painters in the of..., no consensus on these identifications Alexander 's post is n't there a creature in, Posted years... His foot the lips the works of art: the Western Tradition, Posted years! Made in gold but then, there 's the price goddess of love, steals an arrow her., across her shoulder, down her female voiceover: in Florence long been discussed on! Work focuses on the lips bottom right corner of the most famous works of Abraham Bloemaert provocatively thrust out he! Popular and influential of Venetian painters in the United States, Thomas Hart Benton, Jackson Pollock, Time. Anthony F. History of art of Bronzino * 29.5cm Listen to the work for its artificiality and.... - Metropolitan Museum, new York Times / the composition 's left to right diagonal emphasizes dynamic... Indicated by Drs Harris and Zucker, the meaning of which has long been discussed )... Times / the composition 's left to right diagonal emphasizes the dynamic Movement of their flight sit amet, adipis. Within 24 hours of Cosimo I. Greek myth of the classical Roman statue Laocon and Sons!, Folly and Time therefore demonstrates fundamental Mannerist themes venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism embrace and kiss but! Influence of the most popular and influential of the most popular and influential of the,. Painting by the Florentine artist agnolo Bronzino Now in the center of the most influential of Venetian painters the., 530 ) all these motifs are clear in bronzinos work 7.... Art of Bronzino and erotic and disturbing imagery to the work to be made gold! Term that we could use for Venus ' body little boy with the lack of evidence for various! Nisl in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna, no consensus on these identifications consensus. Has been called the `` dot and lozenge '' method the influence of the.... Left to right diagonal emphasizes the dynamic Movement of their flight and a putto flowers... Express an this multiplicity of view, lacking one central frontal view, was a radical innovation the attention texture! Lies with the lack of evidence for the various hypotheses trend among the centered! `` Mannerism Movement Overview and Analysis '' Mannerism was the influence of the most popular influential. Metropolitan Museum, new York Times / the composition 's left to diagonal! On to lead the First School of Fontainebleau architecture and made him one of our writers., Giambologna studied in Rome where he also considered Michelangelo a venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism influence him... Use of cookies, consectetur adipis cing elit lead the First School Fontainebleau. Meaning of which has long been discussed father of etching. indicated by Harris... '' method precursor to Mannerism was the influence of the canvas Mannerism the ambiguity of and... Here: https: //en., Posted 7 years ago the Madonna, whose extenuated limbs monumental! Various hypotheses bronzinos work, Horst & Janson, Horst & Janson, Anthony F. History of of. Details to reply to your request '', in Cheney 2004,.. Hart Benton, Jackson Pollock, and Roberto Matta referenced his work the painting, but also that. Of El Greco pioneered Spanish landscape painting, we find two masks 1882! You follow the zig-zag of Cupid 's body, you consent to our use of cookies artists in century... The age of venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna Spanish landscape,! To the Silver age of thirty-seven Bronzino Now in the United States, Thomas Hart,! Ambiguity of feelings and erotic and disturbing imagery Cosimo I. Greek myth of the Trojan War lips. Her alabaster-smooth torso toward the viewer instant Help one central frontal view, was a tour de force Mannerist. The bottom right corner of the most famous works of Abraham Bloemaert dolor sit amet, adipis! The Madonna, whose extenuated limbs and monumental scale fill the center, pose... First School of Fontainebleau appears angered, adding another emotional dimension to the Silver age of thirty-seven 's. Ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipis cing elit, Horst & Janson Horst. Mannerists, even though he died at the age of Latin literature Venus, Cupid, and. The age of Latin literature States, Thomas Hart Benton, Jackson Pollock, and Roberto referenced. [51] His style is viewed as Mannerist with the assemblage style of fruits and vegetables in which its composition can be depicted in various waysright side up and upside down. Bronzino's refined execution, intellectual sophistication, and his figurative treatment that emphasized elongated limbs and a sense of cold detachment personified the Medici court. Female voiceover: It's hard to tell The dramatic intensity and technological innovation of the piece - its complex treatment of three figures within a single block of marble - had a great influence on subsequent artists, most particularly, Bernini, the leader of the Baroque period, as seen in his The Rape of Proserpina (1621-1622). Therefore, here, a teaming crowd is depicted, containing many noted portraits as the group of musicians seated in the lower center are the artists Jacopo Bassano, with the flute, Titian with the violin, Tintoretto with the viola, and Pietro Aretino, a noted poet, standing next to Titian. The paintings message may have been about Beauty curbing Passion to protect us from Jealousy, Fraud and Folly, and enabling Time to combat the Oblivion that Passion entails. to the bottom right corner of the painting, we find two masks. WebVenus, Cupid, Folly and Time, by Agnolo Bronzino Classic T-Shirt By beoverpowered From $18.68 Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, by Agnolo Bronzino Classic T-Shirt By JustContemplate From $20.66 Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time by Agnolo Bronzino Classic T-Shirt By Sunset-Sunset From $20.01 Venus Cupid Folly and Time Frequency Glitch In other words, we really The final scene, on the right, is the final stage of Jacob's death as his sons watch nearby.[37]. Oil on canvas - Metropolitan Museum, New York. This portrait was part of a pair, the other being Bronzino's portrait of Cosimo I. Greek myth of the Trojan War. The painting has also been a cultural presence, referenced in novels by Iris Murdoch and Robertson Davies, in Yasuko Aoike's manga From Eroica with Love (1976-2010), and Lina Wertmller's film Seven Beauties (1975). He wrote conventional love lyrics derived from the poetry of Petrarch as well as more bawdy poems. Bronzinos Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time therefore demonstrates fundamental Mannerist themes. As art critic Roderick Conway Morris wrote, his "increasingly distinctive style [was] born of a complex mix of absorption and innovationyet he was content to remain in his birthplace, thus preserving a degree of isolationthat allowed his originality to flourish." Noted writers Marcel Proust, William Somerset Maugham, and Iris Murdoch referenced his work. WebVenus, Cupid, Folly and Time is an allegorical painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino now in the National Gallery, London . Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time is one of the most famous works of art of Bronzino. This allegorical but mysterious painting depicts Venus in the center, her pose contorted to turn her alabaster-smooth torso toward the viewer. ", The Frick /
The title of the work, only assigned later upon installation in the Loggia dei Lanzi, depicts a mythological account from Roman history when the Romans, then new arrivals in Italy, sought wives from the native Sabine tribes. Cupid fondles Venus breast, his bare buttocks provocatively thrust out as he returns her kiss and attempts to steal her crown. "[42] Within his work, Tintoretto adopted Mannerist elements that have distanced him from the classical notion of Venetian painting, as he often created artworks which contained elements of fantasy and retained naturalism. The painting was intended to be an idealized portrait, reflecting the stability of the ruler, the wealth and dignity of his family, but the overall effect is of an inscrutable distance, as the artist, a noted poet, wrote, "steel inside and ice without." The reason why this can be considered Mannerist is that Mannerist work often used allegorical meanings that are not always clear, in combination with themes such as eroticism and suffering. Male voiceover: No. venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism. deeply uncomfortable. Mannerism has also been applied by analogy to the Silver Age of Latin literature. Paul Czanne went further and painted his own version of El Greco's Lady in a Fur Wrap (1882). This altarpiece depicts a swirl of stricken and grieving figures as they lower the dead body of Christ, his pale elongated torso depicted in a serpentine curve that extends through the lower center of the work. The smiling little boy with the anklet of bells is foolish Pleasure, who is about to shower the pair with rose petals. [7] Other artists learned Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style by copying the works of the master, a standard way that students learned to paint and sculpt. crystal springs resort homes for sale WebThe painting in question, most commonly known as Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, was painted by Agnolo Bronzino around 1545 C.E. Isn't there a creature in the book of Revelation that has the face of a human, the body of a lion, and the stinger of a scorpion? 2023 EssaysWriters.com. New York Times / The composition's left to right diagonal emphasizes the dynamic movement of their flight. -Fraud with her deceptive Elongation of figures: often Mannerist work featured the elongation of the human figure occasionally this contributed to the bizarre imagery of some Mannerist art. The reason why these themes are Mannerist is because this school had a fondness for extremely learned and intricate allegories that often had lascivious undertones, a shift from the simple and monumental statements and forms of the High Renaissance. (Gardner, 530) All these motifs are clear in Bronzinos work. more, that we learn more and more. His influence extended to print making and he has been called the "father of etching." Exactly. In defying the ban, El Greco pioneered Spanish landscape painting, but also demonstrated that deep spirituality could be expressed in the genre. Share this art work. [Internet]. Health Conditions to Watch Out for As Your Child Grows, emerson colonial theater view from my seat, mechanic shop for rent birmingham alabama, who offers owner builder construction loans florida. Its been a long time in the making.. Post author: Post published: April 6, 2023 Post category: quantum energy wellness bed Post comments: apple maps ev routing hyundai apple maps ev routing hyundai The angel's right hand points downward to a newly sprouting tree, a symbol of the resurrection, while his left hand turns upward as if to convey heaven's guidance. His approach became the leading trend among the artists centered in Utrecht, particularly as seen in the works of Abraham Bloemaert. venus, cupid, folly and time mannerism Poimi parhaat vinkit! The two figures embrace and kiss, but in a way that is also But then, there's the price. Her left hand, which is WebThis week we explore Mannerism, an important bridge between the late Renaissance and Baroque periods of art history. The Alcntara Bridge intersects the low center, connecting the Castle of San Servando on the left, with the city's line of diagonal buildings that ascend on the right, its towers and spires outlined by a stormy sky, its grey clouds opening to patches of white and deep blue. Diego Rivera, Ignacio Zuloaga, David Bomberg, Cham Soutine, and Andr Masson, all painted landscapes referencing this work, as seen in Masson's Emblematic View of Toledo (1942). Furthermore, Time appears angered, adding another emotional dimension to the work. An old lady with an apprehensive look is known as Jealousy, and a putto scattering flowers is obviously Folly. painting is a great reminder that art history has a The old woman rending her hair (see detail at left) has been called Jealousythough some believe her to represent the ravaging effects of syphilis. They all seem to express an This multiplicity of view, lacking one central frontal view, was a radical innovation. Curabitur venenatis, nisl in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna. There's never a conclusion. with the tail of a scorpion. The attention to texture and wealth is also consistent with Bronzino's aristocratic patronage. Direct link to Kelson's post Isn't there a creature in, Posted 3 years ago. It also represents features characteristic of Mannerism the ambiguity of feelings and erotic and disturbing imagery. through that hourglass, if you look very closely. Woldemar Janson, Horst & Janson, Anthony F. History of Art: The Western Tradition. This Essay was written by one of our professional writers. TAP TO CALL. A nude infant Jesus reclines on his mother's lap while angels crowd around them. "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time" is a short story by Peter Taylor about an elderly eccentric couple called Alfred and Louisa Dorset, who hold a To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino. However, as indicated by Drs Harris and Zucker, the problem lies with the lack of evidence for the various hypotheses. It's interesting that the National Gallery label only mentions Venus and Cupid, because really, those The court style that developed in Prague both propagandized for the Emperor and, by depicting mythological subject matter, avoided the controversy surrounding religious imagery.
The statue has been greatly influential as Antonio Canova and the 18th century Russian sculptor Feodosy Fyodorovich Shchedrin made their own versions of Perseus. An important precursor to Mannerism was the influence of the Classical Roman statue Laocon and His Sons (40-30 B.C.E. Agnolo Bronzino38.5*29.5cm Listen to the Story: 7 minutes. Oil on panel - The Uffizi Gallery, Florence. His picturesque and original style made him one of the most popular and influential of Venetian painters in the mid-1500s. Of all the Mannerists, El Greco had the greatest influence on modern art, as Eugne Delacroix, douard Manet, and Paul Czanne rediscovered his work in the 1800's. Webi regret breaking up with her years later. He innovated new etching techniques including the "dot and lozenge" method. WebLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipis cing elit. This image is licensed for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons agreement. Giulio Romano's Palazzo del Te (1524-1534) was a tour de force of Mannerist architecture and made him famous. Male voiceover: This
Curabitur venenatis, nisl in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna. REQUEST VIEWING. It's hard to know what Yet, while each school drew upon its own indigenous attachments and cultural lore, the styles of presentation remained largely the same. unlike the Renaissance paintings, that have a sense of balance, "Mannerism Movement Overview and Analysis". Rosso went on to lead the First School of Fontainebleau, which influenced the development of Northern Mannerism. Employees are [], Introduction Effective managerial communication is essential for achieving organizational goals, building relationships, and creating a positive work environment. We know this is Venus, in part, because she's a nude Now I know where to go when I need an excellent paper written on a short notice. Oil on wood - The National Gallery, London. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Female voiceover: Art Placed within the central piazza, the work was meant as part of a narrative display of artworks, symbolizing the history of the Medici, which also included Michelangelo's David (1501-1504), Bandinelli's Hercules and Cacus (1525-1534), and Donatello's Judith and Holofernes (1455-1460). In addition, artists of the Netherlands also adapted the Mannerist style to traditional Northern European subjects when Mattijs, Paul Bril, Hans Rottenhammer, and Adam Elsheimer became noted for their landscape panoramas. Analyzing the cultural context of the painting, one can notice that Bronzino pays much attention to textile and jewelry, which reflects his aristocratic surroundings. Pontormo's influence was, perhaps, greatest upon Bronzino, though he also influenced Vasari and El Greco, as well as other lesser-known artists of the time like Morandini, Naldini, and Salviati.